A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essays

A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essays A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essay A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essay Upon a societal service section having the initial referral a determination will be made by the director whether to move upon the information received. In the instance of Samantha and her kids the referral offers adequate information to run into the standards for a societal worker to set about an Initial Assessment. Local Authority ( Social Services ) Act ( 1970 ) , places a responsibility on governments to provided societal services. It sets out a legal model for local governments and societal work duties in a statutory function, this being continually updated. In the instance of Samantha and her kids the authorization in which the household reside in have a legal duty to set about an appraisal and a corporate duty to supply services to kids in demand and grownups, if necessary. Powers grant Local Authorities to move in certain ways but there is no duty to make so and there is a grade of discretion of how powers are applied. In relation to the instance survey, the societal worker wo uld hold the power to originate contact with the household and other professionals they felt may supply valuable information to help in the appraisal procedure ( Brammer, 2010 ) . When transporting out the appraisal, the societal worker would mention to statute law which governs what they can make in order to safeguard kids. The Children Act, ( 1989 ) sets out that the public assistance of the kid is overriding, the kid being the primary client ( Brayne A ; Carr, 2010 ) . The Act provides the legal model within which societal work pattern with kids and households is situated and promotes the household as being the best topographic point for the kid to be brought up in, where it is safe and possible to make so. The Act besides includes principals with respects to welfare, kids s rights and introduced the construct of parental duty ( Children Act, 1989, s.3, Brammer, 2010 ) . The Act states that the local authorization is required to supply services for children in demand, their households and others ( Children Act 1989, sec.17 ) and look into if they have sensible cause to surmise a kid is enduring or is likely to endure from important injury ( Children Act 1989, sec.47 ) . It besides gives the authorization the power to use to the tribunal if they believe the kid is enduring or is likely to endure important injury, puting the kid in local authorization attention ( Children Act, 1989, sec 31 ) . The Children Act ( 2004 ) was introduced following an question into the decease of Victoria Climbe by Lord Laming. The Government responded by bring forthing a green paper Every Child Matters and Wales Rights to Action , this led onto base on balls the Children Act 2004. Its chief focal point is to foreground the importance of multi-agency working puting a responsibility on local governments and their spouses including wellness, schools, and the Police to work responsibly and collaboratively to advance the well-being and safety of kids. A common appraisal model was introduced so that societal workers and spouse bureaus could supply better preventive support for households deemed non to make child protection thresholds. The debut of the Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) considers a holistic position of the kid and their household, integrating the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity and household and environmental factors ( Brammer, 2010 ) . In relation to the instance sur vey at that place have been concerns sing Callum and Claudia from their school. The Education Act 2002 besides includes a proviso necessitating school regulating organic structures, instruction governments and farther instruction establishments to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids ( NSPCC, 2012 ) . Using the CAF will besides let the societal worker to research household issues refering the kids s male parent, older siblings and immediate household. The CAF will besides see the households individuality and advance any Welsh linguistic communication demands in conformity with the Welsh Language Act 1993 ( CCW, 2002, 1.6 ) . In response to the Children Act, 2004 the Welsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) produced, Safeguarding Children ; Working Together under the Children Act 2004, supplying local governments with guidelines and descriptions of functions of spouse bureaus and focused on working responsively and proactively ( WAG, 2004 ) . The All Wales Child Protection Pr ocedures, 2008 were besides introduced upon recommendations from Lord Lamings study bespeaking that authoritiess strengthen their kid protection processs ( WAG, 2008 ) . The Human Rights Act 1989 besides plays an of import function in the societal work appraisal. Professionals are required to continue and support the rights of persons whilst seeking to run into their demands. The Act has besides to a great extent influenced the Disability Discriminations Act, 2005 and Equality Act, 2006 A ; 2010 ( Brayne A ; Shoot, 2010 ) . Cymrus have besides implemented their ain presenting The Equality and Human Rights Commission in 2007 ( BASW, 2011 ) . This statute law will be relevant when taking into history the demands of Samantha in relation to her historical mental wellness jobs. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 ( UNCRC ) , is an international understanding that protects the human rights of kids under the age of 18 and recognises kids as possessing rights on equal terms with grownups. This along with the Human Rights Act 1989 is instrumental in the CAF as it requests that the kid is to be seen and a consideration of their demands and wants recorded. The kids, along with Samantha have the right to hold their wants and feelings known in relation to any appraisal or intercession undertaken ( Children Act, 1989 sec. 22 Human Rights Act, 1989, UNCRC, 1989 article 12 ) . There are besides national organic structures that provide societal attention professionals with common counsel on their pattern. These are the British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) , the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) and in relation to Wales the Care Council of Wales ( CCW ) and the National Occupational Standards of Social Work ( NOS ) . The statute law and counsel discussed will help the societal worker in set abouting an initial appraisal of Samantha and her kids. Using the CAF will assist to set up what back up if any the household requires. The appraisal should demo the strengths, troubles and impact of the state of affairs on the household ( Parker A ; Bradley, 2008 ) . The societal worker will necessitate to find from an analyses of the appraisal whether the kids are kids in demand ( Children Act, 1989 sec. 17 ) or kids in demand of protection ( Children Act 1989 sec.47 ) . The worker will be required to work aboard other professionals in a multi-agency attack in peculiar instruction, possible mental wellness bureaus and recognizing that the kids, in peculiar Callum possibly a immature carer ( Children Act, 2004, Disability Discrimination Act, 2005, Equality Act, 2006 A ; 2010, Carers Recognition A ; Services Act 1995 ) . The societal worker would besides be staying by statutory organic structures codificati ons of moralss in recognizing and advancing services users rights, working unfastened and candidly and esteeming their positions and wants ( BASW, 2012 CCW, 2002, CCW, 2003 GSCC, 2002 ) . Section B. Upon reception of this farther information from the Health Visitor, the Local Authority would hold a responsibility under the Children Act 1989 to originate Sec.47 questions. The Children Act 1989 Sec. 1b provinces that, If the local authorization have sensible cause to surmise that a kid who lives or is found in their country is enduring or is likely to endure important injury. The authorization shall do or do to be made such questions as they consider necessary to enable them to make up ones mind whether they should safeguard or advance the kid s public assistance . Following this statute law the societal worker in audience with a senior director would set about a scheme treatment at the earliest chance. Information would be gathered from the referrer and besides the adviser baby doctor and discussed with the constabulary ; this can be done via telephone ( WAG, 2008 ) . Any other relevant information about the household should besides be shared during this clip. Information should be given to the Police sing Samantha s spouse David and checked against the police national database, although this should hold been done as portion of the Core Assessment procedure. Pertinent inquiries should be raised sing the advisers appraisal of the alleged burn Markss ; How did the infirmary visit come about? Why did the adviser non do the referral themselves? Was Claudia sent place after the scrutiny? The scheme treatment should hold the class of action to be taken ; if a medical scrutiny is needed, whether the probe would be a individual or joint bureau respons e ( societal services entirely or in concurrence with the constabulary ) and what information should be shared with the household at this clip. It should besides take into consideration the demands of any other kids who may be affected, in this instance Claudia s brother Callum ( WAG, 2008 ) . As portion of the Sec.47 questions it is a statutory demand for the societal worker to see the kid unless there is adequate grounds and information to continue ( Children Act, 1989 s47.4 ) . It is of import that any treatments with kids are done in a manner that minimises the hurt and maximises the likeliness of them supplying clear and accurate histories ( Brayne A ; Carr, 2010 ) . Due to the earnestness of the information sing Claudia and Callum and the presence of a possible non inadvertent hurt, the determination needs to be made whether exigency action is needed. This may be because entree to the kid is being refused ; parent is declining a medical scrutiny or intentionally detaining questions. Legal advice should besides be available through the local authorization s legal service ( WAG, 2008 ) . Following this there are a scope of options available to the local authorization for procuring the protection of Claudia and Callum. Samantha may hold to David go forthing the family and subscribe a safe-care understanding for him non to hold contact with the kids. Although this may non be possible as there are allegations of a non-accidental hurt with no sensible account to the cause. Claudia and Callum may be cared for be extended household topic to safeguarding cheques ( WAG, 2008 ) . The kids may be looked after by the local authorization with parental understanding ( Children Act, 1989, sec. 20 ) . Social services can besides do an application to tribunal for an Emergency Protection Order, leting them to suit the kids for up to eight yearss without parental consent. The last option is Powers of Police Protection whereby the Police have the power to take the kids ( WAG, 2008, Williams, 2008 ) . Although there must be no hold in safeguarding kids who are at hazard, it is of import to be cognizant of the possible injury and break such proceedings may hold on the kids involved and every attempt must be made to understate this. Section C. Under the Human Rights Act 1998, Claudia has the right to esteem for a household life and privateness and local governments have to warrant any intervention in household life with any engagement being necessary and proportionate ( HRA, 1998 article.8 ) . This is besides supported by the UNCRC 1988. These rights can be compromised when there are concerns sing kid public assistance and kid protection. Local governments exerting their legal responsibilities and maps must make so without go againsting the rights of kids and their parents. In relation to Claudia and the escalating concerns for her public assistance and safety, societal services are lawfully justified in step ining in household life if it is to protect her wellness and well-being ( Laird, 2010 ) . This must merely go on in conformity to the jurisprudence, Children Act 1989 and must non interfere with the convention jurisprudence, beyond what is perfectly indispensable to forestall some sort of injury ( Laird, 2010, p150 ) . The instance survey high spots incidents of intensifying earnestness with respects to Claudia, she has suspected non inadvertent hurts and her brother Callum has alleged that David has slept in her room on occasions, this alongside ongoing issues of disregard. This information would be sufficient to trip mandatory steps by the local authorization under sec.47 Children Act 1989. Section 47 questions and powers of constabulary protection to take kids in an exigency do non necessitate a tribunal order. A tribunal order ensures that there is a forum in which the rights of those who are involved and what is needed in order to safeguard the kid can be considered by a justice, this ensures that in most instances mandatory steps will non usually transgress Article 8 ECHR ( Williams, 2008 ) . In state of affairss of utmost urgency where the kid is at hazard of important injury, associating to the instance survey and the non-accidental hurts to Claudia, the local authorization can use to the tribunal for an exigency protection order ( EPO ) which can be granted by a individual magistrate without the anterior cognition of the parents ( Laird, 2010 ) . Courts must see Claudia s public assistance as paramount and must be satisfied that doing an order is better than doing no order at all. Local governments must look to place household arrangements for the kid before choosing for surrogate attention. Laird ( 2010 ) uses an illustration of X Local Authority V B ( Emergency Protection Orders ) , whereby the local authorization where the kids lived did non take into history the viability of arrangements with drawn-out household members before using for an EPO. This conflicting article 8, as taking the kids from all their relations into surrogate attention is the most utmost intervention in household life. In relation to Claudia, if she was to be removed from the attention of her female parent, into surrogate attention and perchance separated from her brother, without giving anterior consideration to any immediate or extended household may transgress her rights under article 8 or the Human Rights Act 1998 and UNCRC 1989. Working in partnership with professionals during kid protection processs is guided through statute law and bureau functions, powers and responsibilities. The difficultly can be working in partnership with parents particularly when they are non in understanding with the procedure. In kid protection work the relationship between parent and societal worker can be fraught and tightly directed by legal and procedural demands ( Pinkerton A ; Devaney, 2009 ) . If Claudia was to stay in the attention of her female parent, she would be the topic of an Initial Child Protection Conference. WAG ( 2008 ) states that where possible parents and others with parental duty should be invited to go to and helped to the full to take portion. They besides have the option of conveying an advocator or legal representative. Family members and professional should be able to portion information in a safe and non-threatening environment and for household members to talk to the chair in the absence of other rel ations, particularly if there is a hazard of force or bullying ( Brammer, 2007 CCW, 2002, 1.3, 3.1 ) . This could be evident in relation to Samantha if Claudia s male parent holding parental duty besides attended the conference. The societal worker should besides run into with the parents beforehand to portion the study which highlights the concerns conveying them to conference. The chair should besides run into before the conference to guarantee that they understand the process and intent of the event ( Brammer, 2007 ) . At six old ages old, Claudia is able to voice her wants and feelings and this should be done through direct work with the societal worker, non to obtain a revelation about possible maltreatment, but to construct a swearing relationship between worker and kid with the kid being able to experience safe and unafraid whether they remain at place or in arrangement ( Milner A ; OByrne, 2009, CCW, 2002 1.2, 2.1 UNCRC, 1989, article 12 ) . Studies show that kids are capab le of understanding complex state of affairss and are able to build ways of covering with them, so an honorable account of the state of affairs is more productive, nevertheless immature they are. However issues can originate when the kid knows merely excessively good the earnestness of the state of affairs. Claudia may waver and experience unable to speak freely as she may worry how the information discussed will be used. If she is to return place to her female parent, she may be questioned over what she has said ( Milner A ; OByrne, 2009 ) . Although the worker will esteem the confidentially of Claudia, it is non entirely guaranteed and this should be explained to her in an age appropriate mode, guaranting her apprehension ( BASW, 2011, CCW, 2002, 2.3, Children Act 2004 sec. 12 ) . Any revelations from Claudia which could potentially set her or others at hazard will necessitate mandatory action under sec. 47 Children Act 1989. Whilst working with Claudia and her household the societal worker will be guided by statute law and statutory counsel which will on times conflict with human rights and ethical values. The very nature of kid protection work can be oppressive with a distinguishable power instability. The power and position is steadfastly with the worker who is advantaged by being person of the authorization. It is besides likely to be reinforced by the parents and kids being disadvantaged by gender, category, race and age ( Pinkerton A ; Devaney, 2009 ) . Children s rights to protection are clearly laid out in international and domestic jurisprudence ( Human Rights Act, 1998, UNCRC, 1989, Children Act, 1989/2004 ) and promoted in national and international codifications of moralss and pattern counsel ( International Federation of Social Workers, British Association of Social Workers A ; Care Council of Wales ) . In relation to Claudia the Human Rights Act 1989 and UNCRC 1989 article 8, supports her right to stay in the attention of her female parent. In contrast to this article 19 ensures that Claudia is protected from force, maltreatment and disregard by her parents or anyone else who looks after her. Article 9 goes on to back up the remotion of the kid for their ain protection but promotes contact with parents if safe to make so ( UNCRC, 1989 ) . The societal worker would meet ethical quandary during her work with Claudia and have to equilibrate her demands and involvements where they may conflict with those of others, particularly other professionals, and child protection issues in respects to her safety ( CCW, 2002, BASW, 2011 ) . The worker would use the relevant codifications of moralss and pattern about issues of information sharing and confidentiality ( CCW, 2002 2.3, 6.5, 6.7 ) . However in relation to child protection and the jurisprudence, the public assistance of the kid would ever be paramount over any rights of confidentiality ( Children Act, 1989 ) . The societal worker would necessitate to give due consideration sing Claudia s life-skills and cognition and advance her engagement in the procedure that concerns her ( BASW, 2011, 2.1, CCW, 2002, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 ) . Although consideration of a kid s wants and feelings does non enforce a responsibility to move upon them ( Brayne A ; Preston-Shoot, 2010 ) . Overall this assignment highlights the complex nature of societal work in one of the most demanding countries, kid protection. The demand to follow statute law and statutory counsel and to equilibrate that with the person s human rights, taking into consideration moralss, non-oppressive and anti-discriminatory pattern can, on times be a extremely combative procedure but one that hopefully has the desired result, the kid has been protected and is safe from injury. Children have a right to populate in this universe and be protected from force, maltreatment and disregard and kid protection should be the concern of everyone. There have been incidents when things have gone incorrect and unfortunately kids have died as a consequence, lessons have been learnt and jurisprudence and policy nationally and internationally has been changed to hopefully forestall this in the hereafter.

German Word Aus Can Be a Prefix and Preposition

German Word 'Aus' Can Be a Prefix and Preposition The preposition aus is very useful in German and is used frequently, both by itself and in combination with other words. It is always followed by the dative  case. The word is also frequently used as a prefix. The original meaning of the preposition aus was not only ‘outside’ and to exit’, the same as it means today, but ‘going up’ as well. Here are today’s main meanings of aus defined, followed by common nouns and expressions with aus. Aus in the Sense of ‘From Somewhere’ In some instances, aus is used to express ‘from somewhere’, such as when stating what country or place somebody is from. In those German sentences, the verb kommen (come) or stammen (originate) needs to be used, whereas in English that is not so. Ich komme aus Spanien. (I’m from Spain.)Ich stamme aus Deutschland. (I’m from Germany.) In other uses of aus as in ‘from somewhere’, the same verb in both languages will be used. Ich trinke aus einem Glas. (I am drinking from a glass.)Ich hole meine Jacke aus dem Klassenzimmer. (I’m getting my jacket from the classroom.)Er kommt aus der Ferne (He comes from a distance.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Made Out Of Aus welchem Material ist deine Bluse? (Whats your blouse made of?)Was wird aus Altpapier gemacht? (What is made out of recycled paper?) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Coming Out Of’ Sie geht aus dem Haus jetzt. (She is coming out of the house now.)Das kleine Kind ist beinahe aus dem Fenster gefallen. (The small child almost fell out of the window.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Because Of/ Due to’ Er hat es aus persà ¶nlichen Grà ¼nden abgesagt. (He  canceled for [due to]  personal reasons.)Deine Mutter tat es aus Liebe. (Your mother did it out of love.)​ When  Aus  is Used as a Prefix Aus  as a prefix often keeps its main meaning ‘out of’ in many words. In English most of these words start with the prefix ‘ex’: Aus Nouns and Their English Equivalents die Ausnahme  - exceptionder Ausgang  - the exitdie Auslage  - expensesdas Auskommen  - the livelihooddie Ausfahrt  - the (highway) exit; to go for a driveder Ausflug  - the outingder Ausweg  - the solutiondie Ausrede  - the excuseder Ausdruck  - the expressiondie Aussage  - the statementdie Ausstellung  - the exhibitiondie Auskunft  - informationdas Ausrufezeichen  - the exclamation pointdie Ausbeutung  - exploitationder Ausblick  - the viewder Ausbruch  - the escape; the outbreakder Auslnder  - the foreignerdie Ausdehnung  - the expansionder Auspuff  - the exhaust Aus Verbs and Their English Equivalents ausgehen  - to go outausleeren  - to empty outausloggen  I to log offausflippen  - to flip out, to lose itausfragen  - to questionausbrechen  - to break out; to throw upausgeben  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to give outausfà ¼llen  - to fill outausbuchen  - to book (a flight etc.)ausdà ¼nnen  - to thin outauslassen  - to leave outausgleichen  - to even outauskommen  - to manageauslachen  - to laugh at somebodyausmachen  - to turn/ switch offauspacken  - to unpackauslà ¼ften  - to air out Other Aus Words auseinander  (adv.) - separatedausgenommen  (conj.) - exceptausdauernd  (adj., adv.) – perservering; persistentlyausfà ¼hrlich  (adj., adv.) - detailed, thoroughlyausdrà ¼cklich  (adj., adv.) – express, expressly  ausgezeichnet  (adj.; adv.) – excellent  (ly) Aus Expressions/Ausdrà ¼cke aus Versehen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by accidentaus dem Zusammenhang ausreißen  - to take out of contextaus der Mode  - out of fashionaus dem Gleichgewicht  - out of balanceaus folgendem Grund  - for the following reasonaus der Sache wird nichts  - nothing will come out of itaus sein  - to be out Die Schule ist aus! (School is out!)aus Spaß  - out of fun

Histology Question and Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Histology Question and Answer - Essay Example The common pattern is the presence of three layers – the tunica intima, tunica media and the tunica adventitia from inside out. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, towards the luminal side of the blood vessel and is composed of simple, squamous endothelial cells and the supporting connective tissue. It is separated from the tunica media by the inner elastic lamina. The tunica media is composed of circular smooth muscle interspersed with connective tissue and is separated from the outermost layer by the outer elastic lamina. The tunica adventitia is made up entirely of connective tissue. The walls of the arteries are much thicker than those of the veins as they have to carry the blood pumped by the heart to distant organs which is usually at a higher pressure. The arteries therefore comprise of more elastic tissue in the tunica intima. The medium arteries are more muscular than elastic and the internal elastic membrane is more prominent. The spiral smooth muscle cells of the tunica media assist in the propulsion of blood as well as the maintenance of the blood pressure. The tunica adventitia is composed of collagen as well as elastic fibers and the innermost portion has an external elastic membrane. More elastic and muscular tissue in the arteries serves to sustain the vigorous systolic pressure of the blood and the maintenance of its pressure. The veins, on the other hand have thinner walls. Although they possess the basic histological structure associated with all blood vessels, the three layers are not well demarcated and blend into each other. They have lesser elastic tissue and the tunica adventitia is the thickest layer made up of collagen fibers and longitudinally oriented smooth muscle cells. The tunica intima is modified into loose folds which form pockets or valves to resist the back flow of blood along its journey to the heart. 2. The integument fulfills several roles, including that

Was the Roman Imperial system,particularly its form of government, Research Paper - 1

Was the Roman Imperial system,particularly its form of government, more closely related to the Spartan or Athenian model - Research Paper Example erialism for instance, was often hegemonies rather than annexationists, and there were times when the roman militaries were inactive during the republic. This paper will therefore compare the roman imperial system to the Spartan governing. Ancient Greece for instance, it had four forms of governments namely: Aristocracy, Monarchy, Oligarchy and Direct Democracy. Direct democracy government was exercised in ancient Athens; here citizens of the state were allowed to participate in politically in making decision that seems to be standard to all citizens. While in Ancient Sparta they had an oligarchy form of government, here the state was ruled by citizens who were classified in small groups, the small groups were in charge of the military as well. Sparta had mixed government, as a result of the mixed government state, it had both Oligarchy and democracy; the state of Sparta was hereditary and it was ruled by two kings from the Eurypontid and Agiad families. They were both Heracles descendants and had same authority. This equal authority prevented them from acting against each other. This form of government acted as a model to other poleis, it had three ruling classes, the assembly, council of elders and the Ephorate. In spite of having the mixed government, Sparta was well organized in its rulings. On the other hand, kings were rulers of the Roman city state. The king acted as a supreme ruler and the power he had over his subjects was consolidated by his own negotiation with his gods. In addition as a King, he often ensured that he maintains both his title of supremacy in the military as well as religious authority. However, the ancient government was later broken by the Roman citizens after they expelled their last king; this led to the kingdom of Roman to become a republic, and later processed to be an empire. At this point, the government and religion became one; this came to pass because of Emperor Augustus as well as his successors. Moreover, kings

Marine Animal Captivity End The Exploitation Sociology Essay

Marine Animal Captivity End The Exploitation Sociology Essay Marine animals have been held captive for hundreds of years and for a variety of reasons. As humans began to investigate the fascinating world below the oceans surface, animal captivity became an everyday occurrence. Some animals have been captured as a means of research so scientists, as well as the public, can observe and learn more about them (Marine Mammals in Captivity). However, marine animals have also been exhibited simply for amusement and profit (Do Marine Mammals Belong in Captivity in the 21st Century?). Throughout history, humans have abused their relative power over marine creatures by capturing and detaining them. This cruel and unjust captivity commences with the act of capture and continues by diminishing marine animals quality of life. The crime of captivity begins as early as marine mammal capture. In the past, animal capture was a violent and traumatic process. Over the years, it has become progressively less malicious. However, the animals still suffer. Hunters herd the animals into shallow waters and proceed to entrap them in nets and slings (Do Marine Mammals Belong in Captivity in the 21st Century?). Captures can include high-speed chases intended to exhaust the animals, which makes them easier to catch. Some fisherman will actually ride the animals until they are completely worn out (The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity). In Japan, fisherman are hired by captivity agencies to herd entire pods of dolphins so that the best and most promising mammals can be selected, while the remaining dolphins are slaughtered (Global Ocean Marine Mammal Anti-Captivity Officer). In another instance, over 200 dolphins were driven into a fishing port, where they crashed into boats and each other. After becoming tangled in the chaos of nets, boats, and animals, many dolphins died of drowning (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). Although the government works to regulate the individuals and organizations that capture marine animals, even the gentlest capture causes unforeseeable consequences. Marine animals such as dolphins travel in groups and while it may seem like taking only one or two of the animals would cause no harm, it is extremely detrimental to the group as a whole. Whales, specifically orcas, are the largest animals held in captivity (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). While orcas remain with their mothers for life in the wild, hunters often separate mother and child. Dolphins swim together in pods, a family unit that consists of an adult dolphin and her offspring. These families are torn apart by captivity. Even if not all of the animals are captured, the free animals are left without a crucial member of their community. Some dolphins die simply from the stress of losing a family member or watching their companions being captured (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). One study found that the mortality rate for bottlenose dolphins increased six-fold immediately after a capture (The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity). The negative aff ects of animal capture are undeniable proof that holding marine animals captive is an unnatural and immoral act. Even after the vicious and traumatic capture, marine animals continue to suffer in captivity. Although many trainers work to ensure that animal habitats are suitable for the animals they house, no man made structure can replace the natural habitat and ecosystem of the ocean. In addition, these artificial environments pose many risks to the animals they accommodate. First, the water of the tank can cause serious health risks. Many aquariums and marine parks pump water in directly from the ocean. However, this water is filtered and chlorine is added while micro and macro marine life is removed (Killer Whales in Captivity). This treatment creates harsh water full of chemicals, which can irritate the skin of marine mammals. Although the chemicals are used to purify the water, bacteria are still present and the animals skin cannot tolerate the alien bacteria. Some dolphins go blind (French), while others animals suffer from skin diseases (Marine Mammals in Captivity). In other cases, orca s experience dorsal fin collapse. This occurs because the whales do not have the support of a large body of water, such as the ocean, and gravity pulls the tall appendage downward (Marine Mammals in Captivity). The issues are not limited to physical conditions. Being held in captivity actually affects the mental functions and capacity of marine creatures. Animals such as whales and dolphins utilize echolocation while living in the ocean. In this wide and varied body of water, these animals are constantly alert and exercising their brains. However, in a dull environment such as a small aquarium, these animals have no use for their highly evolved talent (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). Instead, they are forced to swim in circles without exercising the functions of their brain. For orcas, which are extremely sensitive to sound, the outside noises of water pumps and cheering crowds harm their hearing (Killer Whales in Captivity). Some studies show that dolphin brains shrink a frightening 42% while in captivity (The Life of a Dolphin in Captivity), and some dolphins have been driven insane by the constant reverberations of their own sonar waves that hit nothing but blank walls (Mar ine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). Not only are marine animals brain functions halted, they also become socially and emotionally upset while in captivity. As mentioned earlier, dolphins and orcas are negatively affected by the separation of pods. Despite being social creatures that tend to have long term companionships, these mammals are separated from their families and isolated on their own when they are held captive. (The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity). The issues are furthered by trainers treatment of the animals. For example, trainers will separate the acutely social dolphins when they misbehave, forcing them into isolation (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). The torture continues in the feeding. In a technique called the Pavlovian regime, trainers starve dolphins so that they will perform. Food is only administered as a reward to the dolphin for successful completion of tricks. Trainers effectively teach the dolphins that food is not a natural right of existence, but is instead only attaine d through submission and performance (The Life of a Dolphin in Captivity). Its also important to consider the food given to the animals instead of live, freshly caught, natural marine organisms, captured marine animals are fed frozen fish and vitamin supplements (Killer Whales in Captivity). This unnatural diet hurts the metabolism of these creatures and hinders their instinctual predatory behavior. Dolphins that live in captivity are forced to swim in circles in six-foot deep tanks that stretch twenty-four inches by twenty-for inches (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). This lack of space literally suffocates the dolphins, who swim up to 100 miles each day in the wild. Finally, its important to consider the behavior of freed marine animals. Dolphins and whales alike spend their days diving hundreds of meters, swimming hundreds of miles, and roaming freely about the ocean (Marine Mammals in Captivity). Unlike seals and sea lions, dolphins and whales rarely come up to the shore to perch and can stay underwater up to thirty minutes. The confinement of a tank forces a creature that previously spent 80-90% of its time underwater into a creature that is constantly above the water (Marine Mammals in Captivity). Some would argue that marine animal captivity has positive benefits for animals. For example, if a marine animal is held captive, humans are able to study and observe the animal, which in turn allows for a greater understanding of the species. This understanding allows humans to actually go out and assist the marine animals in the future. However, a marine animal held in captivity actually holds little educational value. These animals are forced to act differently than they do in the wild. Because they are confined to cages and tanks, they cannot roam and live as they would in the vast ocean. This means that when scientists observe an animal in a tank, he or she is not seeing the way the animal really acts, lives or behaves, but instead its contrived adaptations to life in a tank (The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity). Others argue that holding marine animals in captivity saves them from the harsher environments in the wild and protects them from predators and pollution. Howe ver, this argument is incorrect. It is impossible for humans to judge what environment is too harsh for any particular animal. Marine animals have survived and evolved for thousands of years without human salvation or interaction and humans must allow this natural cycle to continue. In the wild, unhindered by human meddling, the evolutionary cycle will continue as it should and as is natural. Some species may become extinct or evolve into even more complex animals this is not a negative progression but is instead the circle of life (The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity). While dolphins in their natural habitat can live to their forties and fifties, dolphins in aquariums and tanks often die before they reach twenty (Marine Mammals in Captivity). Over the years, nearly 4,000 sea lions, seals, and dolphins have died in captivity, and more than half of these deaths are human related. This includes things such as swallowing coins, dying of heat stroke, and swimming in contaminat ed water (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). Although they claim to increase the longevity of marine animals lives, those who capture marine animals end up hurting them and, in the long run, harming the natural flow of life. Its certain that important information can be gained from marine animal captivity. However, holding wild animals hostage is immoral and unnecessary. Although humans are capable of capturing marine animals, this prevents them from existing in their natural habitat and only serves to hurt the species. To help stop captivity, its important not to visit captive marine mammals in zoos or parks (Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons). Also, instead of holding the animals hostage under the guise of saving them from even harsher natural environments, society should work to be environmentally conscious and preserve the animals natural habitats, allowing them to live without the pollution of human waste. Holding marine animals in captivity is unequivocally wrong. No matter the claims of salvation and education, animal captivity is exploitation of animals.

Ethical and Social Concerns in Global Business Essay

The need of ethics in the business world is superlative and global as new trends and issues arise daily which may create an important burden to business entities and end-consumers. There is therefore a need for proper ethical behavior in organizations for smooth operations within the business entities. Morf (1999:265) believes: †Ethics is the moral principle that individuals inject into their decision-making process and that helps temper the last outcome to conform to the norms of their society. † Again, ethical principles have the very profound function of making behavior very predictable (Mahdavi, 2003). Businesses need to come to grips with the legal and moral atmosphere in which they operate. The various ethical issues in global business that have imparted variously in the Kenyan Economy include the following: 1) Corruption and bribery; corruption and bribery is one of the menace that has seen Kenya lag behind in terms of development. It is often claimed that in 1963, when Kenya acquired its independence from the colonial rule, it was at par with countries like South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore among others, in terms of development. However, the above mentioned countries have grown to be giant economies while Kenya is still struggling at grassroots with take-off strategies. Kenya has had major scandals of corruption which include The Goldenberg scandal, The Anglo leasing among others, which involved ‘white elephant’ projects that looted the government of major funds. The unethical act is still rampant in the country even after the establishment of the Kenya Anti-corruption Commission to help curb the vice. ) Unfair Pricing; This includes the unfair differential pricing, improper invoicing –where the buyer requests for a price other than the actual price paid, pricing to outdo local competition, dumping commodities at prices below the home country prices and pricing practices that are permitted in the host country but against the law in the home country such (e. g. price fixing agreements). Unfair pricing is notable in the Kenyan economy where the prices of oil are inflated by the oil selling companies. The presence of the cheap ‘mitumba’ clothes in Kenya have contributed among other things to the death of the textile industry in Kenya which equally leads to unemployment oflabour and reduced taxes for the government. 3) Illegal/immoral activities in the host country; practices such as pollution of the environment, the maintenance of unsafe working conditions, the violation of intellectual rights laws in product/technology copying where the protection of patents, trademarks and copyrights is at stake. This has in particular affected to a degree the Kenyan music industry where pirating is rampant. 4) Involvement in political affairs; where political personnel get actively engaged in a country’s normal marketing operations and engage in unjust practices such as illegal technology transfers. The Kenyan government has recently handled claims where top political officers are reported to have liaised with other governments to defraud the state. These include the sale of maize to Sudan and the purchase of government land at china. ) Questionable commissions paid to channel members; where unreasonably high commissions are paid to sales agents, middlemen, consultants and import officials as fees, there is a reason to raise eyebrows. This is an unethical practice that is present especially in the less developed and developing countries. In Kenya, import officers are known as perpetrators to this menace. 6) Dumping; I since considered dumping as an unethical practice of its own since it is present in Kenya. Dumping is where substandard products are sold cheaply to a country where the use of the product in the manufacturing country is outlawed, used for other specified purposes or declared unfit for human consumption. For instance, The purchase of contaminated maize recently by the Kenya government from South Africa, is one of the cases that identifies Kenya as one of the terminals of dumped goods among other things which include the dominance of vague China made goods in the Kenyan market. This includes hardware materials, home appliances and the recently noted turnover of mobile phones which hardly last for a month.

The Core Tenets Of Social Defense Theory Essay - 1156 Words

Abstract Despite its roots in evolutionary theory, attachment theory has long split itself into two factions: adaptive and maladaptive. For years, insecure attachment has been implicated as one of the root causes for a number of psychological concerns (Dozier, Stovall-McClough, Albus, 2008). The development of social defense theory, however, provides an entirely new interpretation of attachment – that all attachment dispositions (secure, anxious, and avoidant) have access to different cognitive schemas that provide advantages in dealing with a threatening situation (Ein-Dor, 2015). Further, social defense theory suggests that groups made up of all three dispositions are ultimately more effective than more homogenous groups. This paper seeks to better understand the cognitive accessibility of these cognitive schemas (sentinel, rapid fight-flight, and collaborative) and their associationed with the theorized attachment disposition. If the hypotheses are accurate, these findings will provide empirical support to better generalize and validate the core tenets of social defense theory. Introduction John Bowlby famously said â€Å"there is such a thing as a bad mother† (Mitchell Black, 1996, p.114). He made this argument amid the beginnings of the development of object relations theory, a second wave of psychoanalytic thought which understood drive, not as pleasure-seeking, but as connection-seeking. This shift in thought suggested that human beings are biologically wiredShow MoreRelatedThe Intellectual Tradition Of Political Economy1692 Words   |  7 Pagesliberalism focuses on government as a means to the market, while modern liberalism posits government as the end to a blissful economy. Similarly, classical and modern liberalism places different emphasis on the concepts of freedom and liberty as basic tenets of political economy. 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